• Medientyp: E-Artikel
  • Titel: Sex Differences in Patients with Chronic Pain Following Whiplash Injury: The Role of Depression, Fear, Somatization, Social Support, and Personality Traits
  • Beteiligte: Malfliet, Anneleen; De Kooning, Margot; Inghelbrecht, Els; Hachimi‐Idrissi, Said; Willems, Bert; Bernheim, Jan; Nijs, Jo
  • Erschienen: Wiley, 2015
  • Erschienen in: Pain Practice
  • Umfang: 757-764
  • Sprache: Englisch
  • DOI: 10.1111/papr.12244
  • ISSN: 1533-2500; 1530-7085
  • Schlagwörter: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
  • Zusammenfassung: <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Chronic whiplash‐associated disorders (chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>) cover a large variety of clinical manifestations that can occur after a whiplash injury. Women have an increased risk of developing chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>, and it is suggested that psychosocial factors are related to long‐term pain and functioning following whiplash injury and persistence of chronic pain. This leads to the question whether there are sex differences in psychosocial factors in chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>This study included 117 subjects who had experienced a whiplash injury at least 3 months before the start of the study (mean duration of pain: 67.29 ± 63.86 months, range: 297 months). They were selected as chronically symptomatic, by excluding those who had recovered from their whiplash injury. Psychosocial aspects (including depression, fear, somatization, social support, and personality traits) were assessed by validated questionnaires, and sex differences were tested using a univariate analysis of variance (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ANCOVA</jats:styled-content>), with age and time from whiplash injury as covariates.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>No differences in depression, fear, somatization, discrepancy in social support personality trait, Neck Disability Index scores, physical functioning, bodily pain, or general health were present between women and men with chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>. Women with chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content> reported higher levels of emotional support in problem situations and social companionship.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Except for emotional support in problem situations and social companionship, psychosocial factors do not differ between men and women with chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>. These findings imply little to no risk for sex bias in studies investigating psychosocial issues in patients with chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>.</jats:p></jats:sec>
  • Beschreibung: <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Chronic whiplash‐associated disorders (chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>) cover a large variety of clinical manifestations that can occur after a whiplash injury. Women have an increased risk of developing chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>, and it is suggested that psychosocial factors are related to long‐term pain and functioning following whiplash injury and persistence of chronic pain. This leads to the question whether there are sex differences in psychosocial factors in chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>This study included 117 subjects who had experienced a whiplash injury at least 3 months before the start of the study (mean duration of pain: 67.29 ± 63.86 months, range: 297 months). They were selected as chronically symptomatic, by excluding those who had recovered from their whiplash injury. Psychosocial aspects (including depression, fear, somatization, social support, and personality traits) were assessed by validated questionnaires, and sex differences were tested using a univariate analysis of variance (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ANCOVA</jats:styled-content>), with age and time from whiplash injury as covariates.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>No differences in depression, fear, somatization, discrepancy in social support personality trait, Neck Disability Index scores, physical functioning, bodily pain, or general health were present between women and men with chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>. Women with chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content> reported higher levels of emotional support in problem situations and social companionship.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Except for emotional support in problem situations and social companionship, psychosocial factors do not differ between men and women with chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>. These findings imply little to no risk for sex bias in studies investigating psychosocial issues in patients with chronic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">WAD</jats:styled-content>.</jats:p></jats:sec>
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