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Credit markets and property rights are fundamental for modern economies, but they also have implications for the commons. Using a dynamic model of competitive resource extraction, we show that improving property right security unambiguously increases conservation incentives, but the effect of credit markets on resource extraction effort hinges on the security of property rights. We test these predictions using data on global fisheries, credit markets, and the largest-ever marine property rights assignment. We find that property right security reduces resource extraction, while credit market development increases resource extraction under insecure property rights but reduces resource extraction under secure property rights