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Description:
Though vectors are the most commonly used structure to encode the meaning of words computationally, they fail to represent uncertainty about the underlying mean- ing. Ambiguous words can be best described by probability distributions over their various possible meanings. Putting them in context should disambiguate their mean- ing. Similarly, lexical entailment relationships can be characterized using probability distributions. A word higher up in the hierarchical order is then modeled as a prob- ability distribution over the meanings of words it subsumes. The DisCoCat model, which is inspired by the mathematical structure of quantum theory, proposes density matrices as word embeddings that are able to capture this structure. In quantum mechanics, they describe systems whose states are only known with uncertainty. First experiments have proven their ability to capture word similarity, word ambiguity, and lexical entailment structures. An adaption of the Word2Vec model, called Word2DM, can learn such density matrix word embeddings. To enforce that the learned matrices possess the properties of density matrices, the model learns intermediary matrices and derives the density matrices from them. This strategy causes the parameter updates to be sub-optimal. This thesis proposes a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for learning density matrix word embeddings to resolve this issue. Exploiting the fact that density matrices naturally describe quantum systems, no intermediary matrices are needed, and the shortcomings of the classical Word2DM model can theoretically be circumvented. The parameters of a variational quantum circuit are optimized such that the qubits’ state corresponds to the word’s meaning. The state’s density matrix description is then extracted and used as word embedding. A separate set of parameters corresponding to its density matrix embedding is learned for each word in the vocabulary. A first implementation has been executed on a quantum simulator in the course of this thesis. The utilized objective ...