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Description:
Society drifts apart in many dimensions. Economists focus on income of the poor and rich and the distribution of income, however a broader spectrum of dimensions is required to draw the picture of multiple facets of individual life. In our study of multidimensional polarization we extend the income dimension by time, a pre-requisite and fundamental resource of any individual activity. We consider genuine personal leisure time as a pronounced source of social participation in the sense of social inclusion/exclusion and Amartya Sen's capability approach. With an interdependence approach to multidimensional (IMD) polarization compensation between time and income, parameters of a CES-type subjective well-being function, is evaluated empirically by the German population and based on German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and detailed time use diary data from the three German Time Use Surveys (GTUS) 1991/92, 2001/02 and the actual 2012/13. The focus is on the working poor and rich self-employed and employees. The background of IMD polarization incidence (risk) and intensity (magnitude) is estimated by a two-stage selectivity controlling approach. Main result: Time, additional to income, is a significant subjective well-being and polarization dimension. Its interdependence/compensation is of economic and statistical significance. Over 20 years IMD Polarization-incidence (risk) is about 20% (self-employed getting poorer compared to employees). Polarization-intensity (magnitude), however, increased significantly by 22% (stronger polarization of the self-employed), a distinct polarization drift to the tail ends of the distribution of time and income. ; Die Gesellschaft driftet in vielen Dimensionen auseinander. Ökonomen fokussieren auf Arme und Reiche und die Verteilung des Einkommens. Allerdings ist ein breiteres Spektrum erforderlich, um das Bild der vielfältigen Facetten des individuellen Lebens zu zeichnen. In unserer Studie multidimensionaler Polarisierung erweitern wir die Einkommens- um die Zeitdimension, eine ...