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Description:
Urban systems are growing into a fabric of interdependent systems-of-systems that are increasingly demonstrating the behavior of complex systems, particularly emergence and regime shifts. System-of-systems perspectives pose a new challenge, raising the question how the high degree of within and between system interdependencies affects their behavior under a broad range of disruptions. Though many models are “single system models,” “system of system models” demands for a new modeling approach that represents the interaction of systems with different purposes, lifecycles and governance structures. The present study takes up this challenge and aims to develop a proof-of-concept of a distributed simulation model, representing sets of business/household units, the metabolism of which is linked to a set of infrastructure systems, which together are exposed to a broad range of disruptions. In particular, this study aimed: (1) to develop an agent representing the metabolism of a socioeconomic unit such as a household or a business; (2) to develop a network model of infrastructure lifeline systems and socio-economic entities, the interdependencies of which are represented by the flows of goods and services, which are facing a broad range of disruptions; (3) to investigate how synchronization of constituent systems of a system-of-systems model should be designed to ensure proper mapping of disruptions between systems; (4) to explore the application of the system-of-systems model of infrastructures, businesses, and households in a real-world use case. The study resulted in three major findings. First, it developed and verified a proof-of-concept of a distributed simulation model, representing the metabolism of business/household units, important lifeline infrastructure systems, and disruptions that are interacting in an adaptive way. The price mechanism represented the self-adaptive capability of the overall system, where price increases signaled increasing disruption magnitudes. Simulation experiments yielded that ...