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Description:
Urban Building Energy Models (UBEMs) are representations of building stocks. They can be used by analysts and decision makers in government, private companies, NGOs, and, if made publicly accessible, by the public at large. Their purpose is the energy analysis of the building sector – as it is, as it could and should be in the future, and paths to get there. Insofar as UBEMs are the basis for policy measures that affect many actors in the building sector they play an important role in those actors’ communications and negotiations. In the last two decades, it has become obvious that UBEMs need to explicitly account for space, just as they need to represent the micro-level, i. e. individual buildings. The analysis of centralised heat supply (district heating) calls for spatial analysis. Renewable energies are often used most effectively in decentralised fashion. The interaction of heat demand and supply unfolds at the level of the urban neighbourhood. Indeed, today’s UBEMs are most often defined at the level of the individual building (though in publications, buildings are often clustered for data protection). UBEMs come in different forms. Until recently, they were often created ad hoc for a specific research project or for an individual consulting service to local, regional or national government. The last few years have seen such models in more formalised fashion and made publicly accessible, as “heat cadastres” (“Wärmekataster”, as in the city-state of Hamburg), or “Heat Atlas” (“Wärmeatlas”, as in the federal Land Bavaria). These cadastres and atlases contain a variety of energy-related information, like buildings, infrastructure, heat and power generating stations, waste heat sources and more. In this thesis, I focus on the residential building stock and its heat demand. The major challenge in creating a UBEM is the availability of data relating to the building stock. In Germany, there is a variety of data sources with different detail on building characteristics and at different levels of aggregation. ...