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Source: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/ ; This paper summarizes the results of research conducted at the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station during the past nine years to develop practical guidance for estimating and controlling erosion downstream of culvert and storm-drain outlets. Initial efforts were concerned with investigation and development of means of estimating the extent of scour to be anticipated downstream of outlets. Subsequent efforts have involved investigation and evaluation of various schemes of protection for controlling erosion such as horizontal blankets of rock riprap, preformed scour holes lined with rock riprap and channel expansions lined with natural and artificial revetments. In addition, efforts have been made to determine the limiting discharges for various energy dissipaters including simple flared outlet transitions, stilling wells, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation type VI basins and St. Anthony Falls stilling basins. Empirical equations and charts are presented for estimating the extent of localized scour to be anticipated downstream of culvert and storm-drain outlets, the size and extent of various natural and artificial type revetments and the maximum recommended discharge for each type of energy dissipater investigated. With these results, designers can estimate the extent of scour to be expected and select appropriate and alternative schemes of protection for controlling erosion downstream of culverts and storm-drain outlets.