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Description:
With the digital transformation, software systems have become an integral part of our society and economy. In every part of our life, software systems are increasingly utilized to, e.g., simplify housework or to optimize business processes. All these applications are connected to the Internet, which already includes millions of software services consumed by billions of people. Applications which process such a magnitude of users and data traffic requires to be highly scalable and are therefore denoted as Ultra Large Scale (ULS) systems. Roy Fielding has defined one of the first approaches which allows designing modern ULS software systems. In his doctoral thesis, Fielding introduced the architectural style Representational State Transfer (REST) which builds the theoretical foundation of the web. At present, the web is considered as the world's largest ULS system. Due to a large number of users and the significance of software for society and the economy, the security of ULS systems is another crucial quality factor besides high scalability. To ensure scalability and security, web-based ULS applications mostly use Transport Layer Security (TLS) and intermediate systems such as caches. In recent years, TLS has been established as an indispensable security component of protecting HTTP messages in transit. The usage of intermediate systems has also become an essential ingredient in web applications for providing scalability as well as security. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), for instance, operate a mesh of interconnected caching edge servers scattered around the world to speed up the page loading time. This distributed network of worldwide caching units is also an effective countermeasure for Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, as the multitude of caches can resist against a flood of requests. Because of these reasons, TLS and intermediate systems are vital pillars for any modern REST-based ULS system. The interplay of TLS and intermediate systems, however, has one major drawback. Each intermediary must ...