Description:
<jats:sec><jats:label /><jats:p>Czochralski (Cz)‐grown upgraded metallurgical‐grade (UMG) silicon wafers degrade significantly during high‐temperature processes, eroding their appeal as a low‐cost alternative to conventional electronic‐grade silicon wafers. However, the thermal degradation in UMG wafers can be delayed by utilizing a prefabrication annealing step. Based on this, a high‐efficiency solar‐cell process is modified by selecting a single‐boron diffusion step and applying phosphorus‐doped polycrystalline films as electron‐selective contacts with excellent impurity‐gettering properties to minimize the thermal budget. The application of this modified high‐efficiency solar‐cell process to n‐type UMG‐Cz wafers results in a solar cell with a conversion efficiency of 22.6% on a cell area of 2 × 2 cm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>.</jats:p></jats:sec>