Multinuclear MRI to disentangle intracellular sodium concentration and extracellular volume fraction in breast cancer

Media type: E-Article
Title: Multinuclear MRI to disentangle intracellular sodium concentration and extracellular volume fraction in breast cancer
Contributor: Ianniello, Carlotta; Moy, Linda; Fogarty, Justin; Schnabel, Freya; Adams, Sylvia; Axelrod, Deborah; Axel, Leon; Brown, Ryan; Madelin, Guillaume
imprint: Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2021
Published in: Scientific Reports
Language: English
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84616-9
ISSN: 2045-2322
Keywords: Multidisciplinary
Origination:
Footnote:
Description: <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this work was to develop a novel method to disentangle the intra- and extracellular components of the total sodium concentration (TSC) in breast cancer from a combination of proton (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^{1}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>H) and sodium (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^{23}\hbox {Na}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>23</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mtext>Na</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements. To do so, TSC is expressed as function of the intracellular sodium concentration (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\hbox {C}_{\text {IC}}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>IC</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>), extracellular volume fraction (ECV) and the water fraction (WF) based on a three-compartment model of the tissue. TSC is measured from <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^{23}\hbox {Na}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>23</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mtext>Na</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> MRI, ECV is calculated from baseline and post-contrast <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^{1}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>H <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\hbox {T}_{{1}}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> maps, while WF is measured with a <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^{1}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>H chemical shift technique. <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\hbox {C}_{\text {IC}}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>IC</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> is then extrapolated from the model. Proof-of-concept was demonstrated in three healthy subjects and two patients with triple negative breast cancer. In both patients, TSC was two to threefold higher in the tumor than in normal tissue. This alteration mainly resulted from increased <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\hbox {C}_{\text {IC}}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>IC</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\sim$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> 30 mM), which was <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\sim$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> 130% greater than in healthy conditions (10–15 mM) while the ECV was within the expected range of physiological values (0.2–0.25). Multinuclear MRI shows promise for disentangling <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\hbox {C}_{\text {IC}}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> <mml:mtext>IC</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> and ECV by taking advantage of complementary <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^{1}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>H and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$^{23}\hbox {Na}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>23</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mtext>Na</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> measurements.</jats:p>
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