Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Adaptive Functioning

Media type: E-Article
Title: Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Adaptive Functioning
Contributor: Ware, Ashley L.; Glass, Leila; Crocker, Nicole; Deweese, Benjamin N.; Coles, Claire D.; Kable, Julie A.; May, Philip A.; Kalberg, Wendy O.; Sowell, Elizabeth R.; Jones, Kenneth L.; Riley, Edward P.; Mattson, Sarah N.
imprint: Wiley, 2014
Published in: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
Language: English
DOI: 10.1111/acer.12376
ISSN: 0145-6008; 1530-0277
Keywords: Psychiatry and Mental health ; Toxicology ; Medicine (miscellaneous)
Origination:
Footnote:
Description: <jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content>) are associated with adaptive behavior deficits. This study examined the interaction between these 2 factors on parent ratings of adaptive behavior.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>As part of a multisite study, primary caregivers of 317 children (8 to 16 years, <jats:italic>M</jats:italic> = 12.38) completed the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales‐Second Edition (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">VABS</jats:styled-content>‐<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">II</jats:styled-content>). Four groups of subjects were included: children with prenatal alcohol exposure with ADHD (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">AE</jats:styled-content>+, <jats:italic>n </jats:italic>=<jats:italic> </jats:italic>82), children with prenatal alcohol exposure without <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">AE</jats:styled-content>−, <jats:italic>n </jats:italic>=<jats:italic> </jats:italic>34), children with <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> n </jats:italic>=<jats:italic> </jats:italic>71), and control children (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">CON</jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> n </jats:italic>=<jats:italic> </jats:italic>130). <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">VABS</jats:styled-content>‐<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">II</jats:styled-content> domain scores (Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization) were examined using separate 2 (Alcohol Exposure [<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">AE</jats:styled-content>]) × 2 (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> diagnosis) between‐subjects analyses of covariance.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>There were significant main effects of <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">AE</jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>p </jats:italic><<jats:italic> </jats:italic>0.001) and <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>p </jats:italic><<jats:italic> </jats:italic>0.001) on all <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">VABS</jats:styled-content>‐<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">II</jats:styled-content> domains; alcohol‐exposed children had lower scores than children without prenatal alcohol exposure and children with <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> had lower scores than those without <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content>. There was a significant <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">AE</jats:styled-content> × <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> interaction effect for Communication, <jats:italic>F</jats:italic>(1, 308) = 7.49, <jats:italic>p </jats:italic>=<jats:italic> </jats:italic>0.007, partial <jats:italic>η</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup><jats:italic> </jats:italic>= 0.024, but not Daily Living Skills or Socialization domains (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic>s > 0.27). Follow‐up analyses in the Communication domain indicated the effects of <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> were stronger in comparison subjects (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> vs. <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">CON</jats:styled-content>) than exposed subjects (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">AE</jats:styled-content>+ vs. <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">AE</jats:styled-content>−), and the effects of alcohol exposure were stronger in subjects without <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">AE</jats:styled-content>− vs. <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">CON</jats:styled-content>) than in subjects with <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">AE</jats:styled-content>+ vs. <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content>).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>As found previously, both prenatal alcohol exposure and <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> increase adaptive behavior deficits in all domains. However, these 2 factors interact to cause the greatest impairment in children with both prenatal alcohol exposure and <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> for communication abilities. These results further demonstrate the deleterious effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and broaden our understanding of how <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ADHD</jats:styled-content> exacerbates behavioral outcomes in this population.</jats:p></jats:sec>

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