Description:
<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>
<jats:p>
Northern peatlands in general have high methane (CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
) emissions, but individual peatlands show considerable variation as CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
sources. Particularly in nutrient-poor peatlands, CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production can be low and exceeded by carbon dioxide (CO
<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>
) production from unresolved anaerobic processes. To clarify the role anaerobic bacterial degraders play in this variation, we compared consumers of cellobiose-derived carbon in two fens differing in nutrient status and the ratio of CO
<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>
to CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
produced. After [
<jats:sup>13</jats:sup>
C]cellobiose amendment, the mesotrophic fen produced equal amounts of CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
and CO
<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>
. The oligotrophic fen had lower CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production but produced 3 to 59 times more CO
<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>
than CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
. RNA stable-isotope probing revealed that in the mesotrophic fen with higher CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production, cellobiose-derived carbon was mainly assimilated by various recognized fermenters of
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Firmicutes</jats:named-content>
and by
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Proteobacteria</jats:named-content>
. The oligotrophic peat with excess CO
<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>
production revealed a wider variety of cellobiose-C consumers, including
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Firmicutes</jats:named-content>
and
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Proteobacteria</jats:named-content>
, but also more unconventional degraders, such as
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Telmatobacter</jats:named-content>
-related
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Acidobacteria</jats:named-content>
and subphylum 3 of
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Verrucomicrobia</jats:named-content>
. Prominent and potentially fermentative
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Planctomycetes</jats:named-content>
and
<jats:named-content content-type="genus-species">Chloroflexi</jats:named-content>
did not appear to process cellobiose-C. Our results show that anaerobic degradation resulting in different levels of CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production can involve distinct sets of bacterial degraders. By distinguishing cellobiose degraders from the total community, this study contributes to defining anaerobic bacteria that process cellulose-derived carbon in peat. Several of the identified degraders, particularly fermenters and potential Fe(III) or humic substance reducers in the oligotrophic peat, represent promising candidates for resolving the origin of excess CO
<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>
production in peatlands.
</jats:p>
<jats:p>
<jats:bold>IMPORTANCE</jats:bold>
Peatlands are major sources of the greenhouse gas methane (CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
), yet in many peatlands, CO
<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>
production from unresolved anaerobic processes exceeds CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production. Anaerobic degradation produces the precursors of CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production but also represents competing processes. We show that anaerobic degradation leading to high or low CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production involved distinct sets of bacteria. Well-known fermenters dominated in a peatland with high CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production, while novel and unconventional degraders could be identified in a site where CO
<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>
production greatly exceeds CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production. Our results help identify and assign functions to uncharacterized bacteria that promote or inhibit CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
production and reveal bacteria potentially producing the excess CO
<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>
in acidic peat. This study contributes to understanding the microbiological basis for different levels of CH
<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>
emission from peatlands.
</jats:p>