Description:
<jats:p>Purpose: High-contrast tissue characterization of thermal ablation has been desired to evaluate therapeutic outcomes accurately. This paper presents a photoacoustic (PA) characterization of thermal tissue ablation in the visible spectrum, in which higher light absorbance can produce spectral contrast starker than in the near-infrared range.Methods: <i>Ex vivo</i> experiments were performed to measure visible PA spectra (480-700 nm) from fresh porcine liver tissues that received a thermal dose in a range of cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C (<i>CEM</i><sub>43</sub>). The local hemoglobin lobe area between 510-600 nm and wholespectral area under the curve were evaluated to represent the transition of hemoglobin into methemoglobin (MetHb) in the target tissue.Results: The thermal process below an estimated therapeutic <i>CEM</i><sub>43</sub> threshold (80-340 minutes) presented a progressive elevation of the PA spectrum and an eventual loss of local hemoglobin peaks in the visible spectrum, closer to the MetHb spectrum. Interestingly, an excessive CEM43 produced a substantial drop in the PA spectrum. In the spectral analysis, the visible spectrum yielded 13.9-34.1 times higher PA sensitivity and 1.42 times higher contrast change than at a near-infrared wavelength.Conclusion: This novel method of PA tissue characterization in the visible spectrum could be a potential modality to evaluate various thermal therapeutic modalities at high-contrast resolution.</jats:p>