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van den Berg, Eline H.; Gruppen, Eke G.; Blokzijl, Hans; Bakker, Stephan J.L.; Dullaart, Robin P.F.

Higher Sodium Intake Assessed by 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Is Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The PREVEND Cohort Study

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  • Media type: E-Article
  • Title: Higher Sodium Intake Assessed by 24 Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Is Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The PREVEND Cohort Study
  • Contributor: van den Berg, Eline H.; Gruppen, Eke G.; Blokzijl, Hans; Bakker, Stephan J.L.; Dullaart, Robin P.F.
  • Published: MDPI AG, 2019
  • Published in: Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8 (2019) 12, Seite 2157
  • Language: English
  • DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122157
  • ISSN: 2077-0383
  • Keywords: General Medicine
  • Origination:
  • Footnote:
  • Description: <jats:p>A higher sodium intake is conceivably associated with insulin resistant conditions like obesity, but associations of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with a higher sodium intake determined by 24 hours (24 h) urine collections are still unclear. Dietary sodium intake was measured by sodium excretion in two complete consecutive 24 h urine collections in 6132 participants of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) cohort. Fatty Liver Index (FLI) ≥60 and Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI) &gt;36 were used as proxies of suspected NAFLD. 1936 (31.6%) participants had an FLI ≥60, coinciding with the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome, hypertension and history of cardiovascular disease. Sodium intake was higher in participants with an FLI ≥60 (163.63 ± 61.81 mmol/24 h vs. 136.76 ± 50.90 mmol/24 h, p &lt; 0.001), with increasing incidence in ascending quartile categories of sodium intake (p &lt; 0.001). Multivariably, an FLI ≥60 was positively associated with a higher sodium intake when taking account for T2D, a positive cardiovascular history, hypertension, alcohol intake, smoking and medication use (odds ratio (OR) 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44–1.64, p &lt; 0.001). Additional adjustment for the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) diminished this association (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.21–1.41, p &lt; 0.001). HSI &gt;36 showed similar results. Associations remained essentially unaltered after adjustment for body surface area or waist/hip ratio. In conclusion, suspected NAFLD is a feature of higher sodium intake. Insulin resistance-related processes may contribute to the association of NAFLD with sodium intake.</jats:p>
  • Access State: Open Access