• Media type: E-Article
  • Title: Les stalagmites : archives environnementales et climatiques à haute résolution. Présentation des protocoles d'étude et premiers résultats sur des spéléothèmes du Vercors
  • Contributor: Perrette, Yves [Author]
  • Published in: Karstologia : revue de karstologie et de spéléologie physique ; Vol. 34, n° 1, pp. 23-44
  • Language: French
  • DOI: 10.3406/karst.1999.2445
  • Identifier:
  • Keywords: speleothem ; karstic drainage ; environmental archive ; climatic archive ; Vercors (France) ; spéléothème ; drainage karstique ; archives environnementales ; archives climatiques ; impacts anthropiques ; article
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  • Description: À la croisée des questionnements karstologiques et environnementaux, l'étude des spéléothèmes s'est développée depuis la fin des années 80. L'objectif de cet article est de faire le point sur les différents modes d'archivages stalagmitiques et sur les différentes mémoires contenues dans les spéléothèmes. Pour rendre plus concrètes les différentes notions et méthodes employées, nous présentons ici les enseignements environnementaux et climatiques collectés à partir de l'étude de concrétions du Vercors (Alpes occidentales). Afin de sortir des informations environnementales des archives spéléothémiques, il est important de bien saisir les différents paramètres hydrologiques et chimiques qui contrôlent la croissance de ces dépôts. Ces paramètres sont abordés dans cet article notamment les aspects hydrologiques de la zone vadose grâce aux expérimentations réalisées au laboratoire souterrain des Grottes de Choranche (Vercors, France) ; ces expérimentations nous ont permis de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du microdrainage qui alimente les spéléothèmes. Cette approche nous permet ainsi d'associer les différents types de spéléothèmes aux modes d'écoulements relevés dans la zone vadose (écoulement capacitif vs écoulement transmissif). Par ailleurs, la connaissance des contrôles de la cristallisation ainsi que le développement de nouvelles méthodes d'imagerie laser nous ont également permis de travailler à haute résolution spatiale sur les différentes laminations. La lamination visible (de réflectance) est traitée en tant qu'indicateur climatique et a permis de mettre en évidence les effets de forçages solaire et atmosphérique sur le climat du Vercors. Les lamines invisibles (de fluorescence) ont également été étudiées, essentiellement en tant que géochronomètre permettant de travailler finement sur les rythmes de croissance dans lesquels on a retrouvé les mêmes forçages atmosphériques et solaires. L'ensemble des informations climatiques, environnementales et anthropiques pouvant être actuellement tirées des spéléothèmes sont présentées dans cet article, au travers de l'exemple du massif du Vercors.

    Stalagmites : environmental and climatic high resolution archive. Since the late 80% the detailed study of speleothem has developed from the crossing of two main approachs ; one comes from the questions of speleologists confronted with magnificent cave scenery , the other comes from citizen questions about climatic and environmental changes. The aim of this paper is to show the diversity and the relevance of the data collected by such studies on stalagmitic samples from the Vercors -France-(fig. 1). The knowledge of the chemical processes of the H20 -CaC03 -C02 system (fig. 2) in the perspective of the karst infiltration (fig. 3) leads to questions about the role of the "supstrat" (photo 1 and 2). This word has been used to describe the "roofrock" rather than the bedrock. So, to better understand the different modes of drainage in karst, a global hydrologie study of the Choranche cave vadose zone has been realised, e.g. seepage water rates have been monitoring (fig. 4). These recent studies allow us to model the structural and functional hydrologie network of such a well developed karst system. Actually, we demonstrated the hierarchisation of the drainage and the rela¬ tion between a transmissive system and a capacitive one (fig. 5, 6 et 7). Photo 3 and 4, and figure 7 show the importance of these drainage modes. They have been used to propose a graphical typology leading to a better appreciation of the various environmental interests of speleothems (fig. 9). Understanding the processes of speleothem environmental and climatic archiving, needs to know the processes of calcite crystal growth. They are briefly presented through some usual fabrics like columnar, palissadic or dendritic ones (photo 5 and 6) and through the optical relation between macroscopic colours and crystalline porosity. It is the evolution of these crystalline features which creates the laminae (photo 7). To explain what are laminae . the different type of emission by a solid after a laser irradiation are shown (fig. 10). It justifies the choice of two kinds of laminae measurement i.e. reflectance and fluorescence. Then, results of spectroscopic studies which show a covariation between Mn2+ concentration, the maximum intensity wavelength of fluorescence spectra and the reflectance trend (fig. 11), allow us to consider reflectance measurement as a water excess proxy. This experimental approach is confirmed by the infra annual laminae seen figure 12. The hydrological interest of "visible" laminae (i.e. reflectance one) is increased by the fluorescence " invisible " laminae. In fact, the presence of a wide diversity of organic molecule in the calcite (fig. 13) lead us to consider the fluorescence lamina as a temporal proxy controlled by the annual leaf fall and bio-pedological degradation. To measure these two proxies, an original experimental set (fig. 14) has been developed in collaboration with the PhLAM laboratory (Lille, France). Particularly, this experimental set up permits to realise simultaneously a reflectance and a fluorescence image. The data collected are processed (fig. 15) and are analysed in the frequency domain (fig. 16). All these data allow us to extract different proxies from speleothems (table 1). These proxies have been studied for some Vercors samples. Figure 17 presents the global environmental and climatic data archiving of the post-wurmien (isotopk stage 1) warming. At a higher resolution, the Vercors climate forcing is shown through the spectral analysis of the reflectance of a well laminated sample (fig. 18). The solar (T-22y) and atmospheric (NAO, T=17y) forcings are clearly distinguished. The climate analysis of this sample is limited by an anthropic mask. Figure 19 shows the similarity of the crystal fades evolution of two samples located around the Alps but far from more than 100 km. We would like to interpret this changes as an archiving of the post Little Ice Age warming but here too , Man interfere with climate to induce environmental changes. Figure 18 shows an example of the possibility for distinguishing climate from anthropic changes in environmental evolutions. The wealth of data of the speleothem shown figure 18 allows us to appreciate the environment stability of the Vercors which is confirmed in the spectral analysis of the growth rates of a Gouffre Berger sample (fig. 20). The diversity of the data collected in speleothems is directly linked to the diversity of the way of archiving in a karst system. It is why only a global approach seems to be relevant for answering environmental hydrological or morphological karst questions.
  • Access State: Open Access
  • Rights information: Attribution - Non Commercial - No Derivs (CC BY-NC-ND)