Brigo, Damiano
[VerfasserIn]
;
Liu, Qing
[Sonstige Person, Familie und Körperschaft];
Pallavicini, Andrea
[Sonstige Person, Familie und Körperschaft];
Sloth, David
[Sonstige Person, Familie und Körperschaft]
Nonlinear Valuation Under Collateral, Credit Risk and Funding Costs
Anmerkungen:
In: Veronesi, P. (Editor), Handbook in Fixed-Income Securities, Wiley, 2014
Nach Informationen von SSRN wurde die ursprüngliche Fassung des Dokuments April 29, 2014 erstellt
Beschreibung:
We develop an arbitrage-free framework for consistent valuation of derivative trades with collateralization, counterparty credit gap risk, and funding costs, following the approach first proposed by Pallavicini and co-authors in 2011. Based on the risk-neutral pricing principle, we derive a general pricing equation where Credit, Debit, Liquidity and Funding Valuation Adjustments (CVA, DVA, LVA and FVA) are introduced by simply modifying the payout cash-flows of the deal. Funding costs and specific close-out procedures at default break the bilateral nature of the deal price and render the valuation problem a non-linear and recursive one. CVA and FVA are in general not really additive adjustments, and the risk for double counting is concrete. We introduce a new adjustment, called a Non-linearity Valuation Adjustment (NVA), to address double-counting. Our framework is based on real market rates, since the theoretical risk free rate disappears from our final equations. The framework addresses common market practices of ISDA governed deals without restrictive assumptions on collateral margin payments and close-out netting rules, and can be tailored also to CCP trading under initial and variation margins, as explained in detail in Brigo and Pallavicini (2014). In particular, we allow for asymmetric collateral and funding rates, replacement close-out and re-hypothecation. The valuation equation takes the form of a backward stochastic differential equation or semi-linear partial differential equation, and can be cast as a set of iterative equations that can be solved by least-squares Monte Carlo. We propose such a simulation algorithm in a case study involving a generalization of the benchmark model of Black and Scholes for option pricing. Our numerical results confirm that funding risk has a non-trivial impact on the deal price, and that double counting matters too. We conclude the article with an analysis of large scale implications of non-linearity of the pricing equations: non-separability of risks, aggregation dependence in valuation, and local pricing measures as opposed to universal ones. This prompts a debate and a comparison between the notions of price and value, and will impact the operational structure of banks. This paper is an evolution, in particular, of the work by allavicini et al. (2011, 2012), Pallavicini and Brigo (2013), and Sloth (2013)