Anmerkungen:
In: Restructuring the Welfare State: Political Institutions and Policy Change, 2001
Nach Informationen von SSRN wurde die ursprüngliche Fassung des Dokuments 2001 erstellt
Beschreibung:
In 1950, T. H. Marshall suggested that "social citizenship" rights were the last frontier in formal citizenship protections. First came civil rights and basic freedoms in the eighteenth century, second came political rights with the extension of suffrage during the nineteenth century, and third came social rights with the development of national social insurance during the twentieth century. These three phases could be observed across developed nations.Yet in America, key social citizenship protections have been provided by employers rather than by the state, and hence the right to social protections has become a right linked to employment rather than a right linked to citizenship. As new social citizenship rights emerged in other developed countries, first to pension and health insurance and later to childcare provision and parental leaves, America saw the development of parallel rights within the corporation.The process has magnified American exceptionalism. I argue that federal policy stimulated the growth of this employment-related system of coverage, via tax incentives that encouraged corporate benefits expansion and complex regulations that encouraged firms to establish internal bureaucracies devoted to complying with the law-bureaucracies that became vocal advocates for the further expansion of private hinge benefits. The paradox of American exceptionalism, then, is that governmental activism has been the driving force behind the expansion of private social coverage