Erschienen:
[Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]: [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 2017
Sprache:
Nicht zu entscheiden
Entstehung:
Hochschulschrift:
Dissertation, 2017
Anmerkungen:
Beschreibung:
The effect of synthetic pesticides on the environment and human health is persistent and very aggressive. About 500,000 people are exposing to a series health problem caused by synthetic pesticides every year in the world. The objective of this study was extraction of azadirachtin from Neem seed for biopesticide application using ethanol as a solvent so that to claim environmental issue and clean economy as an alternative. The four factors analyzed in this study were particle size, extraction temperature, solvent to solid ratio and extraction time. The extraction process was carried out in four main stages namely; pretreatment, extraction, separation and concentration. The first stage was drying and grinding the raw seed to a particulate size of 350, 450 and 550μm. The raw seed have had 20.873% (w/w) of moisture content, with ash and organic matter content of 3.648 ± 0.187% and 96.3515% (w/w) respectively. Ethanol was prepared in a ratio of 5:1, 6:1 and 7:1v/w for extraction. Finally, the ground seed and the solvent were poured to an extraction vessel with overhead stirrer simultaneously and extraction was carried out until the extraction time becomes finished. An optimum yield was found 9.319g from 100g of sample with operational conditions of 350μm, 45oC, 6:1v/w and 4h of particle size, extraction temperature, solvent to solid ratio and extraction time respectively. The characteristics of azadirachtin were then evaluated using different analytical methods. The result found was; Rf value of TLC 0.7079 ± 0.0068, retention time of HPLC 3.03minute, specific gravity of 1.3355 ± 0.0743, the flash point was 35.05 ± 1.0966 oC, water solubility was 99.708 ± 0.0096% (w/v), acute toxicity of azadirachtin was 2343.0.777 ± 60.2106 mg/kg, acidity of azadiracthin was 4.0533 ± and TVOC's was 0.45095 ± 0.3360% (w/w). RSM of Box – Behnken method was used to justify the factors effect on the yield. From the statistical analysis method, all the factors had an impact on the yield directly. The interaction effect of particle size and solvent to solid ratio, particle size and extraction time, extraction temperature and extraction time and solvent to solid ratio and extraction time had also a significant effect on the yield. Depending on the model optimization design 363.95μm, 44.82oC, 6.62:1(v/w) and 3.68h of the factors were found the optimum points with 9.36399g yield of extract. Keywords: Neem seed, Azadirachtin, TLC, HPLC, TVOC's Acute toxicity and RSM