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The growing utilization of Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) in 5G/6G networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), and fixed-line networks has considerably increased the significance of reliability and latency requirements within the telecommunications sector. Communication Service Providers (CSPs) encounter emerging challenges in optimizing reliability and latency to support Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Applications (URLLA). These applications include autonomous driving, remote surgery, tele-operated driving, and virtual reality. Simultaneously enhancing both reliability and latency poses a significant challenge, as enhancing reliability may potentially lead to increased latency. Furthermore, the limited availability of physical network resources increases the complexity of this endeavor. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is a promising technology that has the potential to overcome some of the limitations associated with conventional network architectures, thereby enabling URLLC. The integration of NFV with Software-Defined Networking (SDN) represents a revolutionary technological advancement that has the capacity to fundamentally transform existing network designs. NFV is the deployment of network functions as virtual software running on standard hardware. By decoupling network functions from dedicated hardware in NFV, greater network performance and management flexibility can be achieved. NFV relies heavily on Service Function Chain (SFC) deployment to realize network services. SFC refers to delivering a network service to a customer, which requires that different network functions be concatenated in a specific order. See Chapter 1 for more information. Although NFV is a promising technology for providing elastic network services, it is important to note that there are several concerns related to its reliability and service quality. This creates a new research problem known as the SFC deployment problem. This problem is concerned with chaining Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) while meeting SFC ...