Beschreibung:
<jats:p>The functional anatomy of antennal glands located either on the 3rd or on the 3rd and 4th antennomeres in males of several species of cynipoids was investigated. SEM observations revealed variously modified antennomeres with elevated plates, tyloids and excavated areas. In all the cases, the antennomeres are equipped with cuticular pores, corresponding internally to cuticular ducts. TEM studies showed the presence of type III integumentary glands, as classified by Noirot & Quennedey. Each glandular unit is made up of an innermost secretory cell, producing the secretion, and an outermost canal cell, producing the evacuating duct. The secretion passes through the duct and reaches the cuticular pores, concentrated in a ventro‐lateral portion of the antennomere called the ‘release and spread structure’. Both in Cynipidae and in Eucoilinae (Figitidae), the courtship behaviour includes a pre‐copulatory phase characterized by intense antennal stroking. Bioassays in the eucoilins Leptopilina boulardi and L. heterotoma showed that these glands are the production site of a contact sex recognition pheromone, necessary for the female to accept the male.</jats:p>