Beschreibung:
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) still remains incurable. In search for new treatment modalities immunotherapy might be attractive but highly depends on a sufficient infiltration and function of effector T cells in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this study, we analyzed if blocking or reprogramming M2polarized glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) could improve spontaneous effector T cell responses and thus enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy. This was tested by sorting patient-derived CD11b+ cells from GBM tissues and treating these GAMs with small molecule inhibitors (SMI) targeting the colony stimulating factor1 receptor (CSF1R). Especially CD11b+ cells treated with the SMI GW2580 presented with a reduced expression of the M2 marker CD163 (p &lt; 0.01) and an increased expression of HLA-DR (p &lt; 0.05). Conditioned media of SMI-treated GAMs also contained significantly higher levels of nitrite (p &lt; 0.001) and a reduced concentration of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-6 (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, gene expression profiles of GW2580-treated GAMs showed a shift from an immunosuppressive towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Most importantly, the addition of conditioned media of GW2580-treated GAMs to a co-culture of autologous tumor and T cells significantly reduced the number of live tumor cells as compared to the use of conditioned media of untreated GAMs (p &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, in some cases the ability of T cells to transmigrate through a dense barrier of autologous tumor-derived endothelial cells could also be increased. In summary, we showed that CSF-1R blockade with the SMI GW2580 can reprogram GAM phenotype and thereby improve T cell activation. This strongly suggests further studies on the use of GW2580 in combination with immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of GBM.</jats:p>