Diving ergospirometry with suspended weights: breathing- and fin-swimming style matter

Medientyp: E-Artikel
Titel: Diving ergospirometry with suspended weights: breathing- and fin-swimming style matter
Beteiligte: Koch, Andreas; Kramkowski, Dennis; Holzum, Mattes; Kähler, Wataru; Klapa, Sebastian; Rieger, Bente; Weisser, Burkhard; Schipke, Jochen D.
Erschienen: Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022
Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology
Sprache: Englisch
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05009-y
ISSN: 1439-6319; 1439-6327
Schlagwörter: Physiology (medical) ; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ; Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ; General Medicine ; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ; Physiology
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Beschreibung: <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Purpose</jats:title> <jats:p>Scuba diving is a complex condition including elevated ambient pressure, limited air supply, increased breathing work, and unfamiliar fin-swimming. Earlier approaches to assess diving specific data did not comprehensively address these aspects. We first present an underwater ergospirometry system and then test the hypothesis that both breathing characteristics and fin-swimming style affect the air consumption.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods/Participants</jats:title> <jats:p>A suspended-weights ergospirometry system was mounted inside a hyperbaric chamber. Ergo group: 25 divers (24.6 ± 4.1 years); three set-ups: dry normobaric cycling (75–225 W), dry cycling at 20 m simulated depth (75–225 W), fin-swimming at 20 m (5–8 kg suspended weights). Style group: 20 other divers (24.6 ± 4.1 years): fin-swimming at 20 m (5–8 kg) with regard to ventilation (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\dot{V}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>E) and fin-swimming style.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>Ergo group: linear heart rate and oxygen uptake (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\dot{V}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) increases with both 50 W-bicycle steps and suspended-weights ergometry (<jats:italic>r</jats:italic> = 0.97). During hyperbaric conditions, <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\dot{V}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>E was less increased versus normobaric conditions. Style group: the more efficient hip/thigh-oriented style shifted towards the knee/calf-oriented style. <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\dot{V}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>E and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\dot{V}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> were higher in beginners (< 100 dives) versus advanced divers (≥ 100 dives). Significant differences on the 5 kg-step: <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\dot{V}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>E: 31.5 ± 7.1 l/min vs. 23.7 ± 5.9 l/min and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\dot{V}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>: 1.6 ± 0.3 l/min vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 l/min. A comparison is presented, in addition to illustrate the impact of differences in breathing characteristics and fin-swimming style.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>Diving ergospirometry with suspended weights in a hyperbaric chamber allows for comprehensive studies. Little diving experience in terms of breathing characteristics and fin-swimming style significantly increases <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\dot{V}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>E thereby increasing the risk of running-out-of-air.</jats:p> </jats:sec>

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