Beschreibung:
<jats:p>The novel application of magic angle spinning <jats:sup>1</jats:sup>H NMR spectroscopy, coupled with pattern recognition techniques, has identified biochemical changes in lipid and glutamate metabolism that precede classical nephrotoxicity. These changes occurred in the bank vole (<jats:italic>Clethrionomys glareolus</jats:italic>) after chronic dosing, at a low level of exposure and at a renal Cd<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> concentration (8.4 μg/g dry wt) that was nearly two orders of magnitude below the WHO critical organ concentration (200 μg/g wet wt). These early stage effects of Cd<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> on the biochemistry of renal tissue may reflect adaptation mechanisms to the toxic insult or the preliminary stages of the toxicological cascade.</jats:p>