A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame rates

Medientyp: E-Artikel
Titel: A 64k pixel CMOS-DEPFET module for the soft X-rays DSSC imager operating at MHz-frame rates
Beteiligte: Maffessanti, Stefano; Hansen, Karsten; Aschauer, Stefan; Castoldi, Andrea; Erdinger, Florian; Fiorini, Carlo; Fischer, Peter; Kalavakuru, Pradeep; Klär, Helmut; Manghisoni, Massimo; Reckleben, Christian; Strüder, Lothar; Porro, Matteo
Erschienen: Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023
Erschienen in: Scientific Reports
Sprache: Englisch
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38508-9
ISSN: 2045-2322
Schlagwörter: Multidisciplinary
Entstehung:
Anmerkungen:
Beschreibung: <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The 64k pixel DEPFET module is the key sensitive component of the DEPFET Sensor with Signal Compression (DSSC), a large area 2D hybrid detector for capturing and measuring soft X-rays at the European XFEL. The final 1-megapixel camera has to detect photons with energies between <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$250\,\text{eV}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>250</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>eV</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$6\,\text{keV}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>6</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>keV</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>, and must provide a peak frame rate of <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$4.5\,\text{MHz}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4.5</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>MHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> to cope with the unique bunch structure of the European XFEL. This work summarizes the functionalities and properties of the first modules assembled with full-format CMOS-DEPFET arrays, featuring <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$512\,\times \,128$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>512</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mn>128</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> hexagonally-shaped pixels with a side length of 136 μm. The pixel sensors utilize the DEPFET technology to realize an extremely low input capacitance for excellent energy resolution and, at the same time, an intrinsic capability of signal compression without any gain switching. Each pixel of the readout ASIC includes a DEPFET-bias current cancellation circuitry, a trapezoidal-shaping filter, a 9-bit ADC and a 800-word long digital memory. The trimming, calibration and final characterization were performed in a laboratory test-bench at DESY. All detector features are assessed at <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$18\,^{\circ }\text{C}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>18</mml:mn> <mml:msup> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>. An outstanding equivalent noise charge of <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$9.8$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>9.8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>e<jats:sup>−</jats:sup>rms is achieved at 1.1-MHz frame rate and gain of 26.8 Analog-to-Digital Unit per keV (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$\,\text {ADU}/\text{keV}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>ADU</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>keV</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>). At <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$4.5\,\text{MHz}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4.5</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>MHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$3.1\,\,\text {ADU}/\text{keV}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3.1</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>ADU</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>keV</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>, a noise of <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$25.5$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>25.5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> e<jats:sup>−</jats:sup>rms and a dynamic range of <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$26\,\text{k}\text {e}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>26</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>ke</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> are obtained. The highest dynamic range of <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$1.345\,\text{M}\text {e}^{-}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.345</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>Me</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> is reached at <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$2.25\,\text{MHz}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.25</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>MHz</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$1.6\,\text {ADU}/\text{keV}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.6</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>ADU</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>keV</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>. These values can fulfill the specification of the DSSC project.</jats:p>
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