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Medientyp:
E-Artikel
Titel:
In vivo assessment by Mach–Zehnder double‐beam interferometry of the invasive force exerted by the Asian soybean rust fungus (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)
Beteiligte:
Loehrer, Marco;
Botterweck, Jens;
Jahnke, Joachim;
Mahlmann, Daniel M.;
Gaetgens, Jochem;
Oldiges, Marco;
Horbach, Ralf;
Deising, Holger;
Schaffrath, Ulrich
Beschreibung:
<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>
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<jats:list-item><jats:p>Asian soybean rust (<jats:italic>Phakopsora pachyrhizi</jats:italic>) causes a devastating disease in soybean (<jats:italic>Glycine max</jats:italic>). We tested the hypothesis that the fungus generates high turgor pressure in its hyaline appressoria to mechanically pierce epidermal cells.</jats:p></jats:list-item>
<jats:list-item><jats:p>Turgor pressure was determined by a microscopic technique, called transmitted light double‐beam interference Mach–Zehnder microscopy (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">MZM</jats:styled-content>), which was developed in the 1960s as a forefront of live cell imaging. We revitalized some original microscopes and equipped them for modern image capturing. <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">MZM</jats:styled-content> data were corroborated by cytorrhysis experiments.</jats:p></jats:list-item>
<jats:list-item><jats:p>Incipient cytorrhysis determined the turgor pressure in appressoria of <jats:italic>P. pachyrhizi</jats:italic> to be equivalent to 5.13 <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">MP</jats:styled-content>a. <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">MZM</jats:styled-content> data revealed that osmotically active sugar alcohols only accounted for 75% of this value. Despite having a lower turgor pressure, hyaline rust appressoria were able to penetrate non‐biodegradable polytetrafluoroethylene (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PTFE</jats:styled-content>) membranes more efficiently than do melanized appressoria of the anthracnose fungus <jats:italic>Colletotrichum graminicola</jats:italic> or the rice blast fungus <jats:italic>Magnaporthe oryzae</jats:italic>.</jats:p></jats:list-item>
<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our findings challenge the hypotheses that force‐based penetration is a specific hallmark of fungi differentiating melanized appressoria and that this turgor‐driven process is solely caused by metabolic degradation products. The appressorial turgor pressure may explain the capability of <jats:italic>P</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pachyrhizi</jats:italic> to forcefully invade a wide range of different plants and may pave the way to novel plant protection approaches.</jats:p></jats:list-item>
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