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Medientyp:
E-Artikel
Titel:
Song Repertoires and the Singing Behavior of Male Northern Cardinals
Beteiligte:
Ritchison, Gary
Erschienen:
Wilson Ornithological Society, 1988
Erschienen in:
The Wilson Bulletin, 100 (1988) 4, Seite 583-603
Sprache:
Englisch
ISSN:
0043-5643
Entstehung:
Anmerkungen:
Beschreibung:
The singing behavior of male Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) was examined to determine how singing is used in communication between individuals and, specifically, to determine if different song types convey different information. The mean number of songs per observation period, mean number of songs per bout, and mean number of notes per song were all highest during the pre-nesting and nest-building periods. The higher singing rates and longer songs observed during these periods may play a role in mate attraction/stimulation, and reduce trespassing by conspecific males. Both the mean number of songs per bout and the mean number of notes per song varied significantly among males, perhaps reflecting differences in male quality. During interactions with conspecific males, the mean number of songs per bout decreased while the mean number of notes per song increased. Males tended to utter songs with a greater number of different note types during interactions with conspecific males and females. Thus, variation in several song parameters apparently was used to convey information concerning motivation. Although some significant associations between song types and contexts were observed, all such associations were imperfect. Thus, some song types may be used in a graded form of communication, correlated with, but not restricted to, particular contexts. Most song types, however, appeared to be used randomly with respect to context.